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The aim of this study was to investigate how online learning affects college students’ deep learning. A sample of 2,458 college students participating in online learning from mainland China was studied. Results showed that online learning had a positive impact on students’ deep learning. Learning interest and learning engagement had multiple chain mediating effects on the relationship between online learning and students’ deep learning. Family income had a moderating effect on the relationship between online learning and learning interest, as well as between online learning and learning engagement. For students from lower-income families, online learning significantly improved both their learning interest and learning engagement. But online learning had no impact on higher-income families.