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Guided by Work as Calling Theory, this study examines how online informal learning (OIL) and living a calling influence teachers’ work engagement, with teacher self-efficacy as a mediator. Data from 342 schoolteachers in mainland China were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that both OIL and living a calling significantly predict all four dimensions of work engagement, with living a calling showing stronger associations—particularly with behavioral engagement. Teacher self-efficacy mediated the relationship between OIL and living a calling, highlighting its motivational role. These findings advance understanding of the differential pathways underlying teacher engagement and offer implications for fostering meaningful professional development through accessible learning and deeper purpose alignment.