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In an increasingly globalized world, the development of students' global competence has become paramount. While self-efficacy, learning activities, and socioeconomic status (SES) are widely acknowledged as influential factors in shaping this competence, the intricate mechanisms through which these elements interact and contribute to global competence remain largely underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating the underlying pathways in these relationships. Utilizing PISA 2018 database, our findings reveal that self-efficacy serves as a significant mediator in the relationship between SES and students' global competence. Moreover, the study demonstrates that learning activities moderate the relationship between SES and global competence. This moderating effect is observed to influence both the direct and indirect pathways, manifesting at both student and school levels.