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This study investigated the role of emotion regulation (ER) self-efficacy in predicting negative achievement emotions and the use of ER strategies in academic contexts. A total of 593 high school students from three secondary schools in northeastern China participated. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between ER self-efficacy, negative emotions, and the use of ER strategies. The results showed that ER self-efficacy was negatively associated with negative achievement emotions and positively related to the use of reappraisal and attentional redirection. Furthermore, attentional redirection partially mediated the relationship between ER self-efficacy and achievement emotions. These findings highlight the role of ER self-efficacy in academic settings and offer implications for ER interventions in educational contexts.