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Within education for sustainable development (ESD) assessment practices remain underdeveloped. Despite its importance, assessment in ESD often lacks innovation and consideration of the transformative aspects of ESD. This paper introduces the ESD Learning Assessment Framework (ESD-LAF) developed as part of UNESCO’s Transforming Futures project. The ESD-LAF considers the "why, what, how, and who" of assessment across three alignment levels (inner, outer, contextual), which together promote innovative (re)design of assessment in ESD. An approach to its real-world application, termed DARE is tested with real-world deployment around the globe which indicate that these tools offer actionable guidance, are adaptable, and promote reflexive assessment design. The ESD-LAF is a pathway to the needed innovation and sustainability-aligned assessment in ESD.