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The 5Cs framework—Curiosity, Creativity, Critical Thinking, Communication, and Collaboration—is a guiding structure for designing and assessing authentic STEM learning in secondary education. Drawing on data from over 5,000 students across 56 institutions, the study seeks to define the core constructs that shape student learning within authentic research experiences (AREs) and evaluate whether existing tools adequately capture those constructs. Using a multi-site study, the team analyzes current data such as the Laboratory Course Assessment Survey (LCAS), and student artifacts through grounded theory methods to design a new conceptual framework for authentic research experiences in classrooms.