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The visual design of VR environment plays a crucial role in eliciting users’ perceptual stimulation and psychological arousal, thereby improving their learning experiences and performance. This study aimed to examine the impact of the type of scene (indoor vs. outdoor) and graphic style (realistic vs. stylized) on students’ physiological arousal during VR public speaking tasks. Grounded in arousal theory and presence theory, we adopted physiological indicators (HR, SCR, SCL) and their derived features to analyze both general arousal levels and dynamic response patterns. This research contributes to the understanding of emotional responses in immersive settings and informs future design of VR learning environments.