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Although team-based learning improves outcomes (Jang, 2008), its role in rural teachers’ online PD remains unclear. This study examined rural teachers’ TPACK, satisfaction, and performance in a seven-week PD-themed MOOC, focusing on whether they learned alone, with colleagues, or with both colleagues and a school leader. Among 327 participants, 304 joined with colleagues; 23 participated alone. MOOC assessments, questionnaires, and interviews revealed high completion and satisfaction rates overall. However, teachers learning with colleagues outperformed those learning alone, and groups including school leaders achieved even higher scores. A conceptual framework based on qualitative findings illustrates the relational and mediating effects of participation type. Implications for inclusive online-course design and leadership-supported PD are discussed.