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Digital literacy education is crucial for advancing the digital transformation of education. Based on China’s teacher education practices, this study builds an I-E-O framework to analyze how material, cultural, and human capital resources in higher normal education influence pre-service teachers’ digital literacy. Findings reveal four resource supply types—suspension, breakthrough, double dilemma, and inclusive—with the inclusive type being most effective. Soft resources (e.g., digital climate, teacher competence) play a stronger role than hard investments. Through structural modeling and latent profile analysis, the study confirms that digital resilience and creative thinking serve as key mediators. It calls for optimizing teacher education resource systems and strengthening supportive environments to develop digitally competent and innovative future educators.