Impact of Social Integration and Individual Traits on Grade Retention: Analysis for U.S. 15-Year-Olds

• In Event: Academic Outcomes Shaped by Home and School Experiences

Abstract

This study examines the direct and indirect effects of social integration (feeling safe, belonging) and individual traits (growth mindset, gender, linguistic background) on grade retention among 15-year-olds in the U.S. Key findings indicated that increased perception of safety significantly reduces retention rates ( β = -0.104, p < 0.05), and male students were more likely to be retained than females (β = 0.062, p < 0.05). Belonging, growth mindset, and linguistic background showed no significant impact on retention. Additionally, a secure environment positively correlated with a higher sense of belonging, particularly among male students. However, belonging did not have a mediating effect on retention. These results underscore the importance of fostering safe and inclusive school environments to enhance student success.

Authors

• Lina Shu, Texas A&M University

• Yiming Zhu, Texas A&M University

• Xuan Zhou, Texas State University