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Teacher professional development (PD) involves structured learning that improves
teaching practices and student outcomes (Darling-Hammond et al., 2017). This mixed-methods
The study examined teacher change (Guskey, 2002, 1986) over a four-year NGSS-based professional
development program in elementary science classrooms in a western U.S. state. This study
assessed teacher change by comparing teachers’ understanding and application of NGSS-aligned
instruction skills at the start and end of the program. Results showed that teachers’ initial skill
levels significantly influenced outcomes, with lower-skilled teachers experiencing the highest
degree of teacher change.