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This study examines how students in technical and vocational higher education (TVHE) experience online collaborative problem-solving (CPS), with particular attention to the role of online learning self-efficacy (OLSE) and students’ background characteristics. Using survey data from 939 students in Chile and regression tree analysis, we explore predictors of satisfaction with online collaboration and evaluation of group processes. OLSE emerged as the strongest predictor in both models, followed by age and gender. Results highlight the importance of self-beliefs and structural conditions in shaping online collaborative experiences. Findings offer methodological insights into the use of interpretable machine learning in educational research and underscore the need for targeted supports that build OLSE in TVHE.