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Based on group dynamics and contextual leadership theories, this study examined the relationships among leadership of teaching-research team leaders, interpersonal trust, relational conflict, Confucian traditional values, and professional learning communities. Drawing on survey data from 1527 primary and secondary school teachers across 15 regions in China, the results indicated that leadership of teaching-research team leaders significantly and positively predicted professional learning communities. Interpersonal trust and relational conflict played significant mediating roles in this relationship. In addition, Confucian traditional values, including respect and compliance to authorities, tolerance and altruism, and face rule, moderated the association between leadership and professional learning communities.