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The current study compared the effect of two versions of the same PD and curriculum program offered face-to-face or completely online, keeping all content constant, on the earth science and art content knowledge (CK) of elementary teachers. Using quantitative analyses of pre- and post-tests of CK, we found significantly higher CK learning gains for teachers who participated in online PD compared with face-to-face PD, however with a small effect size. Subgroup analysis revealed that, compared with veteran teachers, early-career teachers experienced significantly higher CK gains from participating in the online PD compared to the face-to-face version with a large effect size. Implications for teacher learning are discussed.