Campaigns vs. Collaboration: Evolving Regulatory Frameworks for Online Platforms in China and the U.S.

• In Event: Student Research: Comparative Public Policy

Abstract

Research Question
This study investigates how contrasting approaches to social media governance in China and the United States shape policy outcomes, particularly in addressing the digital divide and broader media policy concerns. While China has primarily adopted a state-led model—evident in both campaign-style initiatives (e.g., “Clean Cyberspace” drives) and the establishment of national agencies—the United States has generally relied on market forces and civil society oversight, with minimal direct government intervention. However, recent developments, including heightened scrutiny of social media platforms under the Trump administration, indicate a shifting regulatory stance. This research asks: how do these distinct strategies influence user access, public trust, and the equitable distribution of online resources?

Theoretical Framework
Drawing on comparative policy analysis, this work applies an institutional perspective that foregrounds the role of governance structures and stakeholder dynamics in shaping media regulations. It posits that the alignment or divergence between government bodies, private sector actors, and civil society organizations has profound implications for social media oversight and for mitigating digital inequalities. By focusing on institutional coordination, this framework illuminates why certain policy environments lend themselves to comprehensive, coordinated interventions, whereas others may foster fragmented or reactive measures. The interplay between regulatory mandates and public interest objectives offers a vital lens for examining cross-national differences in internet governance.

Methodology
This research employs a mixed-methods comparative case study design to examine policy documents, legislative proceedings, and stakeholder interviews from both countries. First, a content analysis of key regulations and official statements identifies the legal and administrative mechanisms that facilitate or constrain social media oversight. Second, semi-structured interviews with policymakers, platform representatives, and advocacy groups in each context explore perceptions of regulatory efficacy and challenges. Lastly, data on internet penetration rates and online engagement patterns are analyzed to assess the impact of governance strategies on bridging or exacerbating the digital divide. The triangulation of qualitative and quantitative evidence bolsters the validity and reliability of the findings.

Key Findings
Preliminary results reveal that China’s state-led governance supports swift policy implementation, reflecting the centralized authority of national agencies. This approach, however, raises concerns about transparency and potential overreach in content moderation. In contrast, the United States’ historically decentralized model encourages broad public discourse and private-sector-driven innovation, yet it often lacks consistency and clear accountability. Notably, the emergence of security-focused oversight under the Trump administration signals an evolving regulatory landscape in which governmental involvement grows more pronounced. These findings indicate that governance structures significantly influence equitable internet access, shape public trust, and ultimately affect how social media platforms address societal challenges. Further comparative analysis will elucidate best practices for balancing effective regulation with an inclusive digital environment.

Author

• Chao Song, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
  Presenting Author