Heterogeneous Effects of Income on WIC Participation: The Role of Administrative Burdens

• In Event: SNAP Work Requirements and Their Impact on Health and Financial Well-Being Outcomes

Abstract

This study examines the impact of income and administrative burdens on participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Using nationally representative data from the 2022 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the analysis focuses on individuals considered eligible for WIC based on income and categorical criteria, including those categorically eligible through participation in other means-tested programs such as SNAP, TANF, or Medicaid. Employing both a Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) and logistic regression, the study finds that WIC participation gradually declines as income increases, even though no sharp discontinuity is observed at the 185% Federal Poverty Line (FPL) threshold. Logistic regression results reveal that individuals in higher income quantiles are significantly less likely to participate compared to those in the lowest quantile, highlighting the heterogeneous effects of income. Furthermore, state-level administrative characteristics—such as online applications, coordination with Medicaid, and online EBT benefits issuance—are positively associated with participation, suggesting that administrative burdens can discourage uptake among eligible households. These findings underscore the differential impact of income level on WIC participation among eligible individuals. They also suggest that reducing administrative burdens may increase participation among relatively higher-income individuals who are more likely to experience such barriers.

Author

• Youngbin Lee, University of Missouri-Columbia
  Presenting Author