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This paper explores the evolving nature of arguments made by people of color in the United States for greater access to rights and belonging on the basis of military service. Over the course of three wars (the Civil War, the Spanish American/Philippine American War, and World War I), primarily black Americans and their advocates made these arguments, though other groups began to pick them up as well. As they did so, each round of arguments took into account the developments and setbacks of the previous era. Tracking the role of masculinity through these arguments reveals how masculinity and race interacted differently over time as potential levers to extract legal and institutional recognitions for rights both for men of color and their families.