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How does culture influence collective action? Previous research on this subject, suffering
from narrowly focusing on mobilization and the limited assumption of interactionism, has rendered this question unresolved. This article conceptualizes that culture is legitimation vehicles through which collective action can crystallize. Twofold mechanisms underlie this theorizing: First, collective actors employ cultural repertoires based on identities and, second, culture empowers actors to engage in collective justification. This theory is illustrated by analyzing a case of Taiwanese intellectuals’ collective struggles in a politically turbulent year: The collective struggles could not be configured and differentiated without preexisting ideologies as legitimation vehicles for the intellectuals.