How the Divided Organize Collectively: The Paradoxical Effects of Mobilizing Structural Networks on Coalition Formation

• In Event: 20861 - Section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements Roundtables
  In Refereed Roundtable (60 minute): Table 9: Network Structures and Dynamics in Social Movements

Abstract

Coalitions are essential for building powerful movements and achieving political goals. Yet, in structurally divided movements, where organizations represent specific ethnic, class, or structural groups, barriers like power asymmetries, intergroup rivalries, and threats to legitimacy often hinder collaboration. This study examines how coalitions emerge in such contexts, focusing on the Indian farmers’ movement, historically divided by caste, class, and ideology. Using ~200 in-depth interviews, ~20 participant observations, and secondary sources, the study reveals a paradox: organizations with high capacity to mobilize structural networks can deepen divisions, making cross-boundary collaboration more challenging. Conversely, a decline in mobilization capacity can reduce these barriers, fostering conditions for coalition-building. These findings highlight the critical role of addressing collaboration barriers in structurally divided movements and demonstrate that forging shared characteristics is not the only prerequisite for coalition formation. Further, as exemplified by the success of the Indian farmers’ movement, coalitions may be a more effective organizing strategy for divided movements.

Author

• Raj Kamal Singh, Harvard Kennedy School of Government