Coping in Solitary Confinement: A Mixed Methods Study of Adolescent Inmates in Rikers Island

• In Event: At the Local Level: Jails and a Municipal Court

Abstract

Solitary confinement of adolescents can impede neurological development and rehabilitative efforts, and can lead to destructive coping mechanisms such as self-harm and suicide. This study was conducted in Rikers Island jail in New York City. It assessed the prevalence and correlates of solitary confinement and described mechanisms for coping. The sample consisted of 16-18 year old male inmates. Demographic, health, and criminal justice data was provided by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (N=262) and in-person interviews were conducted and analyzed. Placement in solitary confinement was identified for 26% of inmates. These inmates had more traumatic brain injuries (OR = 1.91, p<0.05), mental health needs (OR=7.02, p<0.001), and longer custodial stays (OR=1.007, p<0.001). Qualitative findings added a median length of stay of 110 days, and that 56% reported food deprivation and 50% reported self-harm or suicide attempts. Participants provided detailed accounts of their experiences in solitary confinement. Solitary confinement of adolescents should be reduced or discontinued and alternatives should be explored and evaluated. Before, during, and upon exit from solitary confinement, assessment and healthcare should be provided. Educating and training correctional professionals about the impact of solitary confinement could improve health outcomes and rehabilitative efforts overall.

Authors

• Fatos Kaba, New York City Health and Hospitals

• Cassandra Ramdath, Center for Court Innovation