Criminal Populism and the Erosion of Democracy

• In Event: Critical Issues in Anomie and Extremism

Abstract

This study examines how populist leaders in the Philippines and the U.S. exploit crime as political capital, introducing criminal populism as an electoral strategy. Through case studies of Joseph Estrada, Rodrigo Duterte, and Donald Trump, it explores how these figures reframe legal troubles to bolster their populist appeal, reshaping public perceptions of law and governance.

The study identifies four archetypes of criminal populism: Crime Warrior, Criminal Politician, Political Criminal, and Fascist Criminal Politician. Estrada’s conviction fostered his image as a victim of the elite, Duterte’s extrajudicial violence reinforced his strongman persona, and Trump’s legal battles galvanized his base. Each used legal scrutiny to frame themselves as persecuted outsiders, turning prosecution into political advantage.

Criminal populism threatens democracy by politicizing the justice system and blurring the line between crime and governance. By exploiting legal proceedings, these leaders undermine the rule of law and democratic institutions. This study critically examines how criminal populism influences elections, governance, and democratic ideals.

Author

• Chris N. Magno, Gannon University