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Adolescent illicit drug use (AIDU) causes serious harm, and it is critical to understand the comprehensive mechanism of the risk and protective factors to prevent AIDU. Previous studies revealed that diverse individual risk factors, family risk factors, community risk factors, and protective factors interacted with each other and caused adolescent drug abuse. Yet, limited studies have examined the comprehensive pathways across these risk and protective factors, along with macro-level policy effects. This study aims to fill this vacancy by analyzing the nationally representative adolescent survey data from 2010 to 2020 with multilevel structural equation modeling analyses.