Vulnerabilities and protective factors of victims and perpetrators involved in trafficking in human beings

• In Event: Victim Vulnerabilities and Survivor-Centered Solutions

Abstract

Trafficking in Human Beings (THB) remains an enduring and multifaceted problem with severe societal implications. While extensive research has explored victims' experiences, vulnerabilities and pathways into exploitation, significant gaps persist—particularly regarding protective factors that could help individuals avoid or exit trafficking. Moreover, studies on perpetrators are extremely scarce, offering little insight into the factors influencing their involvement or disengagement.
This study examines the vulnerabilities and protective factors affecting both victims and perpetrators of THB, trying to understand the extent to which these factors evolve over time and vary across different forms of trafficking and gender. It focuses on three major forms of THB—sex trafficking, labour trafficking and forced criminality—within the European context. Our study combines a comprehensive literature review with insights from semi-structured interviews with THB experts, including law enforcement officials, border guards, researchers, NGO representatives and other key stakeholders.
Preliminary findings largely align with existing research but also challenge stereotypical portrayals of victims and perpetrators, often proliferated by the media and popular culture. Moreover, they highlight overlooked vulnerabilities in lesser-studied forms of trafficking. This study is conducted within the framework of the European-funded VANGUARD project (Grant Number 101121282).

Author

• Carlotta Carbone, Transcrime - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore