Drone Use by Non-State Actors: A Comparative Analysis of Terrorist Groups and FTO-Designated Cartels

• In Event: Organized Crime, Extremist Violence, and Insurgency

Abstract

This study examines the differential use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) by terrorist organizations and drug cartels recently (Feb 20, 2025) designated as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs). We compare drone applications across two domains: established terrorist groups (e.g., ISIS, Hizballah, Houthis) and newly designated FTO cartels (e.g., Tren de Aragua, MS-13, Cártel de Sinaloa). Using a qualitative assessment of relevant literature and case studies, we provide a structured comparative analysis focusing on: (1) motivations and the end goal, (2) strategic applications, (3) operational functions, (4) acquisition methods, (5) targets and victims, (6) operational and strategic impacts. Beyond examining the use of drones by these actors, this research also explores how the recent FTO designation may impact cartel drone operations.

Authors

• Suat Cubukcu, Towson University

• Austin Doctor, University of Nebraska Omaha / NCITE

• Joel Elson, University of Nebraska Omaha

• George Grispos, University of Nebraska Omaha