Understanding the Taxonomy of Foreign Fighters: A Scoping Review with Concept Analysis

• In Event: Understanding Terrorist Threats

Abstract

Foreign fighters (FF) have gained media attention in Europe but remain underexplored, lacking a standardized EU definition. Often linked to terrorism, FF definitions shift with conflicts. Some join terrorist groups (e.g., Syria, Iraq, Somalia), while others serve in official armies (e.g., Ukraine since 2022) or paramilitary groups (e.g., those fighting for Russia). Some scholars differentiate FF from foreign volunteers who serve in state forces. Others support conflicts through training, humanitarian aid, or as profit-driven mercenaries.

Given these varied roles and the conceptual vagueness surrounding FF, this study proposes a framework to categorize FF, foreign volunteers, and related actors based on affiliations, risks, and motivations. The definitional gap presents policy challenges, requiring a preventative approach to intervention, reintegration and legislation.

This scoping review analyzes global literature on FF terminology, examining motivation, antecedents, conflict involvement, affiliations, actions, and consequences. It aims to clarify FF-related terminology, informing EU policy on evolving FF dynamics. A well-defined framework is crucial for shaping legislation, reintegration, and rehabilitation strategies.

Findings will be compiled into an Evidence and Gap Map to highlight research needs. This study enhances academic and policy debates, aligning with European Commission priorities.

Author

• Cátia Moreira de Carvalho, Dublin City University