Rural vs. urban jails in the United States: A comparative analysis of jail operations, staffing, and programming in the post-COVID era

• In Event: Paths Through the Rural Justice System

Abstract

Jails serve as the entry point into the U.S. criminal justice system, yet rural and urban facilities differ significantly in staffing, programming, and overall operations. Rural jails, which make up the majority of jail jurisdictions, often struggle with underfunding, staffing shortages, and limited access to rehabilitative services, while urban jails typically have more specialized staff and extensive programming. These disparities have widened since COVID-19, highlighting the challenges jails face in adapting to changing incarceration trends and resource limitations. This study conducts a comparative analysis of rural and urban jails, examining staffing levels, program availability, and operational shifts post-pandemic. Using data from a nationwide survey of jail administrators, we analyze how jails have responded to public health concerns, budget constraints, and broader criminal justice reforms. Findings will provide insight into operational challenges and policy recommendations to improve jail efficiency, staff retention, and inmate outcomes.

Authors

• Brian Iannacchione, University of Northern Colorado

• Kyle C. Ward, University of Northern Colorado

• Daniel Hemler, University of Northern Colorado

• Mazey Schell, University of Northern Colorado