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Hypothesis: Adoption and reinforcement C. Joyner’s Dynamic Resistance Response Model (DRRM) (2007) over current Linear, Scalar, Matrix, or Cyclic models in Academy and Continuing Education (CE) may better promote holistic, intuitive comprehension of the central concepts underlying police use-of-force (UOF) as posited by Di Nota et al. (2021).
Encouraging holistic comprehension of a UOF model leaves an officer more time to process subject behaviors for potential de-escalation and select situationally- and policy-appropriate uses of force through more intuitive consideration of factors.
Proposed Methodology: Compare National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data of comparable major metropolitan areas that apply DRRM and those who apply other UOF models in Academy training and CE.
Expected Results: If correct, Departments training/reinforcing DRRM should show a reduction in injuries compared to similar departments using more-complex UOF models.