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Soviet scientists played a preeminent role in the history of international encounters and decisions on classifying and mapping the world’s soils. Based on the records of the Russian Academy of Sciences and UNESCO, this paper provides a case study of the tensions between cooperation and competition. It analyses how Soviet soil scientists took part in creating the FAO and UNESCO World’s Soil Map (1961-1981) and in elaborating an internationally accepted soil taxonomy (1980s-90s), and how they understood and handled the rivalry and collaboration with their US colleagues.