Search
Program Calendar
Browse By Day
Browse By Time
Browse By Person
Browse By Room
Browse By Session Type
Browse By Topic
Browse By Geographical Focus
Search Tips
Virtual Exhibit Hall
Personal Schedule
Sign In
During the 1970s, the bulk of U.S. coal production shifted from Appalachia to western states such as Wyoming and Montana. In the years since, experts have explained that transition as the result of sulfur emission standards imposed by the 1970 Clean Air Act. Existing technology could not reduce emissions to the required levels, the story goes, so increased reliance on low-sulfur western coal became the only recourse. But by presenting the migration of coal production during the 1970s as the result of natural forces as unavoidable as the setting sun, historians have not only ignored the politicization of nature that occurred in the wake of the Clean Air Act, but also perpetuated false partitions between environmental, labor, and business history. This paper elucidates the economic and social forces the influenced coal’s westward tilt to show how nature—and, just as importantly, environmental regulations—came to bear the blame for the resulting job loss in Appalachia.