“Unveiling Activist Education: A Journey through Protest Histories in Malawi's K-12 and Tertiary Education"

• In Event: Highlighted Session: History of Student Protest

Proposal

This paper delves into the historical evolution of education protests in Malawi, examining the impact of the country's transition from a one-party state to a multiparty democracy. Emphasizing the significance of democracy in facilitating citizen engagement and inclusivity, the study explores the rich history of education protests, dating back to the early days of mass schooling. Notably, students challenged compulsory education in the 19th century, perceiving it as a form of state control that curtailed their freedom. Throughout the 20th century, protests escalated as students and educators confronted issues such as segregation, inequality, and war, illustrating the transformation of education protests over time. The paper further investigates the diverse nature, form, and politics of education protests, which have experienced significant shifts due to various influencing factors.

Changing Nature and Form of Education Protests

Historical education protests in colonial-era Malawi and other African nations displayed a tendency towards violence, as freedom fighters fought against racial segregation (Kalinga, 2010). Oppressed individuals resorted to violence to challenge the oppressive colonial rule, compelling the ruling powers to bring about change (Kalinga, 2010). This led to widespread violence, witnessed in events like the 2012 academic freedom demonstrations at the University of Malawi and the South African Youth demonstrations, resulting in numerous casualties (Nkhata, 2017). However, contemporary education protests have shifted towards non-violent strategies, owing to technological advancements. Stakeholders, including students and educators, now favor innovative approaches like sit-ins, vigils, and online petitions to address educational inequalities effectively. For instance, the 2022 sit-in protests at the University of Malawi, opposing the academic calendar set by the Administration, exemplify this departure from traditional street demonstrations (Channel for Africa, 2022).

This paper also explores the enduring legacies of education protests, highlighting their profound impact on educational policies, practices, and ideologies. Protests have precipitated tangible changes in educational policies, as witnessed in the desegregation of schools in the United States. Furthermore, they have served as catalysts for raising awareness and garnering support for transformative change, even in instances where immediate goals were not achieved. The study acknowledges that while protests are essential for social justice advocacy, certain forms of protest may lead to negative consequences, including systematic delays in implementing reforms and disruptions in the education system. Protests can lead to systematic delays in implementing reforms, causing disruptions in the education system (Nkhata, 2017). To ensure a balanced approach, activists must recognize their broader social obligations and strive for equitable solutions.

Theoretical Framework

This paper's theoretical framework emphasizes the critical role of education in preserving the memory of past protests and social movements, fostering agency, and inspiring activism among younger generations. Guided by tenets of Critical Pedagogy and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, education becomes a powerful tool in cultivating a profound understanding of collective action and empowering students to be effective activists. By embracing Freire's insights (2001, p. 49), educational practices can instill a sense of social responsibility, encouraging the next generation to actively participate in shaping a more just, equitable, and sustainable society

Freire's view of education as a path to liberation, rooted in dialogue and the challenging journey towards freedom, strongly resonates with the idea of empowering individuals to drive transformative social change. By fostering a sense of belongingness through socialization, as exemplified in social movement groups and societal shifts, Maslow underscores education's vital role in cultivating purpose and fostering community engagement.
Building on this, Luxemburg's invaluable insights emphasize the significance of drawing wisdom from historical activism to bolster present-day advocacy endeavors. By seamlessly integrating lessons gleaned from past struggles, education equips contemporary activists with potent strategies and a broader, more nuanced perspective on effecting societal change.
Incorporating these multifaceted perspectives into the fabric of education harnesses its immense potential as a force for positive transformation, nurturing a society where empowered individuals collectively forge a better and more inclusive future for all.


The Impact of Systematic Oppression on Activism

This paper adopts a case study approach, utilizing a qualitative methodology, to delve into the realm of demonstrations in both K-12 and tertiary education. The primary aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of systematic oppression on activism within educational settings. By employing the qualitative method, the research can gather in-depth data that aligns precisely with the paper's objectives, allowing for a nuanced exploration of the subject matter.

Preliminary findings drawn from extensive readings and analysis reveal the presence of significant socio-economic and political factors that act as hindrances to individuals' active participation in activism. Issues such as debt burdens, precarious labor conditions, and state surveillance emerge as key deterrents, instilling fear in individuals concerning job security and potential wage deductions. Nevertheless, despite these challenging circumstances, the paper places emphasis on the indispensable role of activism in striving for a more equitable and just world that benefits all generations.

In the context of Malawi, the Employment Act of 2023, particularly section 50A, stands as a notable example of how systematic oppression can further curtail activism. This act permits employers to deduct wages from employees who engage in strikes lasting over three days, effectively suppressing their ability to voice dissent. Additionally, state surveillance poses a serious threat to the organization of protests, exposing activists to monitoring and, in some cases, arrest. Vulnerable populations, such as children, are particularly susceptible to abuse and exploitation under such circumstances.

The implications of studying the evolution of education protests and their societal impact are profound. The findings provide valuable insights that can inform the decision-making of policymakers, educators, and activists committed to addressing educational inequalities and striving for meaningful, positive change. By deepening our understanding of how systematic oppression affects activism, this research contributes to the creation of an enabling environment that bolsters and supports social justice movements in the domain of education. By doing this, the goal is to create a fair and equal education system that helps everyone in society, no matter their age, background, education, or status. Education fosters freedom, action and equality.

Author

• Esnart Mfune, University of Cincinnati