Systematic review of exit trajectories from violent extremism: Which risk and protective factors to prioritize in intervention?

• In Event: EXTREME Panel 6. Mobilisation and exit pathways

Abstract

Exit trajectories from violent extremism provide valuable insights into the disengagement processes of individuals involved in violent radicalization dynamics. In order to identify promising avenues for intervention, a systematic review of trajectories and risk/protective factors for disengagement from violent extremism was carried out. Of 11 406 studies screened, 124 were included in the systematic review. The findings highlight that disengaging from violent extremism is a complex, non-linear, and highly individualized process shaped by both internal (e.g., ideological disillusionment, burnout) and external factors (e.g., psychosocial interventions, family and community support, economic as well as educational opportunities). Likewise, transformative life events—such as parenthood, near-death experiences and unexpected acts of kindness from out-group members—play a crucial role in promoting disengagement from violent extremism. However, maintaining disengagement in the long term depends ultimately on sustained support and successful social reintegration. In particular, individuals require support systems to help them develop alternative identities as they distance themselves from their violent extremist past. Given the gradual nature of disengagement from violent extremism, a comprehensive approach that integrates psychological, social and economic dimensions is essential. Reviewed articles also recommend employing former violent extremist individuals as messengers and mentors in intervention efforts. Our systematic review identified methodological shortcomings in the field, particularly the lack of longitudinal data. Longitudinal research can offer deeper insight into how internal and external factors differentially influence exit trajectories over time. Moreover, the reviewed literature emphasizes the need to assess the long-term effectiveness of reintegration programs and explore how exit trajectories vary across racial, gendered, as well as ideological lines. To enhance tertiary prevention efforts in prevention and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) programs, a deeper understanding of key turning points in exit trajectories is needed.

Authors

• Traian Toma, University of Montreal

• Émeraude Lapointe-Provost, University of Quebec in Montreal

• Sabrina Charikhi, University of Quebec in Montreal

• Nour El Houda Belmabrouk, University of Quebec in Montreal

• Sébastien Brouillette-Alarie, University of Montreal

• Rania Ikram Djermane, University of Quebec in Montreal

• Wynnpaul Varela, University of Quebec in Montreal

• Ghayda Hassan, University of Quebec in Montreal