Love as bait: A crime script analysis of online romance scams

• In Event: WG-PLACE 5: Crime Scripting

Abstract

Online romance scams are a sophisticated and growing form of digital fraud in which scammers create online personas to manipulate victims into forming emotional attachments, ultimately coercing them into financial exploitation. These scams have become increasingly widespread, causing both severe financial losses and lasting psychological harm. In 2024 alone, victims in the U.S. lost over 800 million dollars to such schemes. Scammers use highly deceptive tactics to gain trust and persuade victims to send money, often over extended periods.
This study presents a comprehensive crime script analysis to systematically map the operational structure of online romance scams. Through a scoping review of 51 studies, we identify key scenes and actions within the scam process, offering a detailed framework for understanding these fraudulent practices. Online romance scams typically follow a sequence of the following scenes: (1) preparation (the ‘setup’); (2) target selection (the ‘hunt’); (3) initiation of contact (the ‘hook’); (4) transition to private channels (the ‘shift’); (5) grooming; (6) the ‘sting’; (7) financial transaction (the ‘payout’); (8) the ‘squeeze’; and (9) the ‘aftermath’, which in many cases includes revictimization. Our findings highlight the structured yet flexible nature of these scams, revealing that perpetrators adjust their strategies based on victims' responses. The analysis also underscores the non-linear and iterative nature of these scams – when victims resist financial requests, scammers frequently revert to earlier manipulation tactics, reinforcing emotional dependence before making renewed attempts at exploitation.
Beyond theoretical contributions, this analysis provides actionable insights for intervention. By identifying critical points where scams can be disrupted, we offer guidance for law enforcement, financial institutions, and online platforms to improve detection and response strategies. Additionally, public awareness initiatives can leverage these findings to educate users on recognizing and avoiding common scam tactics.

Authors

• Janneke M. Schokkenbroek, imec-mict, Department of Communication Sciences & IRCP, Department of Criminology, Criminal Law & Social Law, Ghent University

• Thom Snaphaan, Avans University of Applied Sciences & Ghent University