PWG – Using Virtual Reality (VR) to Study Situational Factors in Prison Violence

• In Event: PWG - Technology and digital transformation in the justice system

Abstract

Prison violence has frequently been understood in terms of personal factors (e.g., young age, mental health issues, lower educational level, history of violent crime) that increase the risk of violent behaviour. However, comparatively little attention has been paid to the role of situational factors. While personal factors are undeniably important, explanations of violence remain incomplete unless situational influences are also considered. Consequently, this pilot study adopts a situational perspective, with a particular focus on how provocation and bystander behaviour contribute to violent behaviour. We use 360° Virtual Reality (VR) to create controlled, immersive simulations in which the relevant situational factors are manipulated using a 2x2 experimental design. The scenarios are based on firsthand accounts of violent incidents from incarcerated individuals, allowing us to place participants in a specific, realistic scenario. Student participants are exposed to scenarios in which provocation (low versus high) and bystander behaviour (passive, discouraging, or encouraging) are manipulated to assess their influence on participants' violent behaviour. Following the simulation, participants reflect on their likely reactions through self-report measures. The results provide insights into how situational factors, particularly provocation and bystander behaviour, shape violent outcomes. This aligns with the theoretical understanding that the causes of prison violence are best explained by the combined influence of not only personal factors but also situational factors. Furthermore, this study lays the groundwork for our ongoing research in real prison settings using this very same design.

Authors

• Dante Hoek, Leiden University

• Ard Barends, Leiden University

• Esther van Ginneken, Leiden University

• Maarten Kunst, Leiden University