Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Tarapacá: A Case Study of Transnational Illicit Markets and Criminal Prosecution

• In Event: Criminology of Mobility. Panel 8. Detection of trafficking in human beings and conviction of the perpetrators

Abstract

This study examines human trafficking for sexual exploitation in the Tarapacá region of Chile from a criminological and illicit market perspective, focusing on its evolution within organized crime. Using a mixed-method approach—combining an analysis of reported cases (2011–2024) with interviews from key actors in the criminal justice system—it reconstructs the transformations and dynamics of this crime.

Findings reveal a shift from independent traffickers to transnational criminal organizations like Tren de Aragua, leading to increased foreign victims and more sophisticated operations. The study details trafficking networks' mechanisms, including recruitment, transportation, and exploitation of migrant women across transnational routes. It also examines coercive control strategies, such as forced debt through “multa”, and links to other crimes like arms trafficking and extortion.

From a prosecution perspective, the study highlights the need for a comprehensive approach targeting key pressure points in logistics, criminal leadership, and financial structures. It also incorporates a gender perspective, recognizing women's dual role as victims and participants in trafficking networks. The findings emphasize the importance of international cooperation and multidisciplinary strategies to combat this severe form of organized crime, which poses a critical threat to regional security and human rights.

Authors

• marcela estrella tapia leiva, Universidad de Tarapacá

• Rafael Crisosto, Ministerio Público