Introducing the Nordic Model of Prostitution in Israel: Implementation and Outcomes

• In Event: Sex work and criminal policy

Abstract

Background
The "Nordic Model" criminalizes sex buyers and third parties while treating prostituted individuals as victims of exploitation. It combines awareness campaigns with increased services for those wishing to leave prostitution. Critics argue it disempowers sex workers, reduces their income, and increases vulnerability by pushing activities underground.
Israel became the 9th country to implement this model in 2020 with the "Prohibition of Consuming Prostitution" law. Offenders face a €550 fine or can attend a socio-educational program. An inter-ministerial program provides expanded health, welfare, employment and legal services for those wishing to exit prostitution. The program also includes educational programs, public awareness campaigns and police training. This legislation is temporary, requiring a comprehensive study by 2025 to inform permanent legislation.
Research Aim
To assess the implementation and impact of the law and program on both prostitution consumption and individuals in prostitution.
Methodology
The study employed multiple approaches:
• Repeated online surveys of Israeli men regarding prostitution consumption
• Analysis of Google Trends data for prostitution-related search terms
• Police data on enforcement and fines
• Semi-structured interviews with individuals in prostitution, consumers, police personnel, and social workers
Findings
Enforcement was only carried out in three police stations. It fluctuated but declined significantly and was minimal by 2023. Police reported challenges including resource limitations, difficulties establishing evidence, and difficulty in accessing discreet locations.
Impact data revealed mixed results: surveys indicated increased consumption, while internet data suggested decreased demand with fluctuations correlating negatively with enforcement intensity during specific periods.
Although some individuals reported temporary drop in income, most support the law.
Additional findings will be presented.
Conclusions
Legislation alone proves insufficient to reduce prostitution or change behavioral norms. Effective implementation requires viable and consistent enforcement combined with enhanced public education targeting potential consumers.

Authors

• Dori Rivkin, MJB Institute

• Dana Brender, MJB Institute