Search
Program Calendar
Browse By Day
Browse By Room
Search Tips
Virtual Exhibit Hall
Personal Schedule
Sign In
In recent decades, many countries have adopted a hybrid security model, with both state and private actors responsible for public safety. This shift raises concerns about the accountability of private security and the need to protect citizens' rights. While some countries impose lighter regulations, others, like Russia, maintain stricter oversight. This study explores citizens' perceptions of professionalism, effectiveness, and justice in interactions with police officers and private security guards among St. Petersburg, Russia, university students. The findings offer insights for regions expanding private security on balancing regulation and privatization to uphold citizens' rights and security.