Societal resilience against cyber threats

• In Event: Cyber resilience & Cyber legislation

Abstract

In an increasingly digitalised world, the resilience of societies against cyber threats and attacks has become a critical aspect of national security. This study examines the factors that contribute to societal resilience when confronted with cyber threats, using Estonia as a case study. Estonia, a highly digitalised nation, has developed a comprehensive cyber defence strategy following the large-scale cyberattacks it faced in 2007, a strategy that has stood them in good stead since the increase in cyberattacks following the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive description of defence and security in the cyber domain.
The study is based on interviews with Estonian experts in the field. The framework for the analysis is a combination of cyber defence and cyber security model and the concept of whole-of-nation strategy, in order to better understand Estonia’s approach to cyber security.
Key components of Estonia’s cyber resilience include a well-established information-sharing network, the formation of a cyber home guard, integration of cybersecurity education into the national curriculum, and the pivotal role of the Estonian Information Security Authority (RIA) in coordinating national cyber defence efforts. Additionally, Estonia’s proactive approach to indications and warning mechanisms and cross-sector collaboration has enhanced its ability to detect and mitigate cyber threats.
The findings suggest that Estonia’s strategies offer valuable insights for other countries in strengthening their own cyber defences. Key takeaways include the importance of public-private cooperation, institutional preparedness, and a culture of cybersecurity awareness at all levels of society. By adopting similar measures, other countries could improve their resilience to cyberattacks and ensure a more robust national defence in the cyber domain. This study contributes to the broader discussion on cybersecurity strategies and resilience building for modern digital societies.
Keywords: cyber attacks, cyber defence, resilience, whole-of-nation, Estonia

Authors

• Anna Lioufas, Swedish Defence Research Agency

• Elina Elveborg Lindskog, Swedish Defence Research Agency