Trash Talk: Partisan Affective Polarization in Open-Ended Survey Responses

• In Event: Affective Polarization: Measurement, Causes, and Consequences

Brief Overview

Using Americans’ open-ended descriptions of the parties, this study reveals that affective polarization is real but complex—many citizens feel both affection and frustration toward their own side and sympathy toward the other.

Authors

• Maxwell B. Allamong, University of Houston

• Jongwoo Jeong, Georgia State University

• Paul M. Kellstedt, Texas A & M University, College Station