Investigating the Relationships Between Test-taking Effort and Performance: Self-Report and Time-Based Measures

• In Event: Test Taking Effort and Careless Responding

Abstract

Process data from students’ item-solving process could be used to measure examinees’ cognitive effort in testing. Utilizing Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 data, structural equation modeling analyses found that self-reported effort mediated the relationship between learning attitudes, resilience and time-based effort as well as performance.

Authors

• Xiaoxiao Liu, University of Alberta

• Ying Cui, UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA