Inclusive Policies: Government and NGO Responses to Third Gender Challenges

• In Event: Public Policy in a Changing World

Abstract

The ‘third gender’ or ‘hijra’ people, who identify themselves as neither male nor female, are often marginalized and face significant social exclusion. This study utilized a qualitative research method, conducting four in-depth focus group discussions involving 28 Hijra respondents and three interviews with key informants. The purposive sampling method was employed to select the participants for this study. There has been limited previous research focusing on the social exclusion experienced by Hijra individuals and their current societal situation. This study delves into the multifaceted aspects of exclusion experienced by the hijra community in Dhaka City, the capital of Bangladesh, encompassing social, economic, cultural, and political dimensions. The research findings reveal that, despite being officially recognized as a third gender, it is evident that they continue to grapple with exclusion across various domains, such as social engagement, economic opportunities, cultural acceptance, and political involvement. Urgent interventions from both governmental bodies and non-governmental organizations are imperative to mitigate the vulnerabilities faced by Hijra individuals and uplift their living standards. Furthermore, it is recommended that future studies focus on investigating the living conditions of the hijra population within Bangladesh, which result from their pervasive societal exclusion prevalent in diverse spheres.

Author

• Ridwan Islam Sifat, University of Maryland, Baltimore County