70%) of participants across ages and expertise also described biological vulnerability (e.g., low immunity) as a cause of colds/flu. For masuk angin, few expert adults (15%) were willing to endorse any causal factor, and some implied that the illness concept lacked medical legitimacy. The children and novice adults, however, responded that masuk angin is caused by a nonbiological agent, specifically “wind” (87% children, 73% novice adults). Masuk angin was also distinguished from colds and flu by its almost purely nonbiological (environmental) transmission (endorsed by 60% children and 87% novice adults) and by the variety of treatments that were described. For example, children and novice adults often reported that masuk angin was contracted through exposure to cold air or standing in the rain. Common treatments included over-the-counter medicines, such as "tolak angin" (“resist the wind”), and "kerokan," a practice that involves scraping the skin to “release” the wind. Hence, by eight years of age, Indonesian children have adopted the culturally-constructed concept of masuk angin, similar to that of adult laypeople. Despite the increasing tendency to endorse biological models of illness with age, nonbiological conceptions of masuk angin were widely observed outside of the medical community. Indeed, the medical experts were the only group that tended to explain the symptoms of masuk angin within a biological framework. For children and novice adults, the different illnesses vary in kind, rather than degree. Content is hosted by All Academic Inc, a leading provider of online hosting and software solutions for academic conferences supporting submission, peer review, scheduling, invitaions, volunteers, scheduling, web-based programs, advanced bulk email, custom workflows, and more for conferences of scholarly societies since 1999." />