9.39, ps<.003, ηp²s>.05, and a marginally significant Age x Character x Outcome interaction (F=2.38, p=.071, ηp²=.04, Figure 2). Planned comparisons revealed that although 6- to 7-year-olds more easily recognized when someone should feel surprised in the positive outcome than 4- to 5-year-olds, the realization that someone with a high expectation would be surprised after a negative outcome did not improve during this age period. Eight- to 10-year-olds were proficient at knowing both when someone would and would not feel surprised after something good happened, but there was a lag in their identification of surprise following a negative event. By adulthood, participants exhibited solid knowledge of surprise across settings. Valence figures prominently in children's early understanding of surprise: 6- to 10-year-olds show stronger understanding that unexpected positive events cause surprise than unexpected negative outcomes. Additionally, children better identify who is not surprised before they understand who feels surprised, with development in recognizing both non-surprised and surprised states continuing into adulthood. Perhaps negative surprises are later developing because negative outcomes (compared with positive) elicit greater hindsight bias, the feeling of "knowing it all along" (Schkade & Kilbourne, 1991). Results will be discussed in relation to improvements in theory of mind, emotion understanding, and counterfactual reasoning. Content is hosted by All Academic Inc, a leading provider of online hosting and software solutions for academic conferences supporting submission, peer review, scheduling, invitaions, volunteers, scheduling, web-based programs, advanced bulk email, custom workflows, and more for conferences of scholarly societies since 1999." />
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Poster #213 - Surprise! Surprising Insights Into Developmental Changes in Identifying Who is Surprised

Sat, April 8, 12:15 to 1:30pm, Austin Convention Center, Exhibit Hall 4

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