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A growing number of studies have demonstrated cross-cultural differences in the temperament of infants and children. Nearly all previous studies have involved comparisons between only two cultures, with the largest to date including 17 nations (Putnam & Gartstein, 2017). Furthermore, the majority of studies have considered only a single age group (cf., Gaias et al., 2012), and only one sample per country (cf., Cozzi et al., 2013). These limitations lower the generalizability of the findings obtained, and limit inference regarding the role of society-level factors associated with cross-cultural differences. The current study addresses these shortcomings through analyses of temperament in infants, toddlers and children using 301 datasets gathered in 51 countries.
Methods: Researchers from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Curacao, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay and United States provided parent-report data gathered with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire – Revised (n = 18,991; 32 countries), Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (n = 15,593; 37 countries) and Child Behavior Questionnaire (n = 31,427; 42 countries),yielding scores for Surgency (SUR), Negative Affectivity (NEG) and Regulatory Capacity (REG).
Results: Sex*Nation ANOVAs, with age included as covariate, indicated substantial effects of nation (partial eta squared ranging from .04 to .17) for the three dimensions for all questionnaires. For descriptive purposes, standardized dimension scores averaged across the questionnaires for each country are provided in Figure 1. As shown in this figure, countries in which children were rated high on SUR included Serbia, Pakistan, the Slovak Republic, Malta and Iran; whereas children from China, Latvia and Japan were rated low. Results concerning NEG suggested higher scores in Columbia, Kosovo, Nigeria and Pakistan; and low scores in the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Ireland. REG scores were higher in Malta, Hungary, Denmark and Suriname than in most nations; and lower than most in Columbia, Japan and Brazil.
Nation-level marginal means for the dimensions were then correlated with archival scores on Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural orientation (see Table 2). Consistent with meta-analytic results reported by Putnam and Gartstein (2017), across different age groups, high NEG was linked with Collectivism and high Power Distance; and high SUR with Short-Term Orientation.
This investigation provides the most extensive perspective to date on worldwide patterns of individual differences in infants and children, and suggests multiple directions for future research. Primary among these is the degree to which parent reports represent objective differences or subjective interpretations of child characteristics. Current views (e.g., Rothbart & Bates, 2006) suggest temperament scores reflect both, and each perspective is useful for understanding implications of culture for human development. Another critical direction concerns exploration of proximal mediators of the distal force of societal differences. It is our hope that the Global Temperament Project database becomes a valuable tool for developmental scientists to explore these connections.
Ava Alexander, Bowdoin College
Non-Presenting Author
Sam Putnam, Bowdoin College
Presenting Author
Aaron Zweig, Bowdoin College
Non-Presenting Author
Ashley Ellis, Bowdoin College
Non-Presenting Author
Sebastian Lipina, Unidad de Neurobiologıa Aplicada
Non-Presenting Author
Eliana Ruetti, Unidad de Neurobiologıa Aplicada
Non-Presenting Author
Maria Soledad Segretin, Unidad de Neurobiologıa Aplicada
Non-Presenting Author
Karen Castillo, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Human, Social and Environmental Science Institute (INCIHUSA)
Non-Presenting Author
Mirta Susana Ison, National Scientific and Technical Research Council
Non-Presenting Author
Carolina Greco, National Scientific and Technical Research Council
Non-Presenting Author
Lynn Jensen, Curtin University
Non-Presenting Author
Elisabetta Conte, University of Milano-Bicocca
Non-Presenting Author
Syeda Rezwana Akhter, BRAC University
Non-Presenting Author
Nadine Urbain-Gauthier, University Paris
Non-Presenting Author
Sophie Gillet, University of Liège
Non-Presenting Author
Sarah Galdiolo, Université catholique de Louvain
Non-Presenting Author
Isabelle Roskam, Université catholique de Louvain
Non-Presenting Author
Petra Warreyn, Ghent University
Non-Presenting Author
Ellen Demurie, Ghent University - Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Laurie Loop, University of Louvain
Non-Presenting Author
Sara Casalin, University of Leuven
Non-Presenting Author
Siniša Lakić, University of Banja Luka
Non-Presenting Author
Snježana Miščević, University of Banja Luka
Non-Presenting Author
Slavica Tutnjević, University of Banja Luka
Non-Presenting Author
Tatiane Lebre Dias, Federal University of Mato Grosso
Non-Presenting Author
Sônia Regina Fiorim Enumo, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas
Non-Presenting Author
Natália Dutra, Durham University
Non-Presenting Author
Emma Flynn, Durham University
Non-Presenting Author
Lynda Boothroyd, Durham University
Non-Presenting Author
Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, University of São Paulo
Non-Presenting Author
Annie Bernier, University of Montreal
Non-Presenting Author
Daniel Paquette, Universidade de Montréal
Non-Presenting Author
Jean-Francois Bureau, University of Ottawa
Non-Presenting Author
Kim Yurkowski, University of Ottawa
Non-Presenting Author
Julie Hakim-Larson, University of Windsor
Non-Presenting Author
Shawna A. Scott, University of Windsor
Non-Presenting Author
Deborah Dewey, University of Calgary
Non-Presenting Author
Gerald F Giesbrecht, University of Calgary
Non-Presenting Author
Nicole Letourneau, University of Calgary
Non-Presenting Author
Alexandra R. Marquis, Ryerson University
Non-Presenting Author
Margaret Moulson, Ryerson University
Non-Presenting Author
Célia Matte-Gagné, Laval University
Non-Presenting Author
Michèle Déry, Université de Sherbrooke
Non-Presenting Author
Jean-Pascal Lemelin, Université de Sherbrooke
Non-Presenting Author
Catherine S. Birken, The Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Non-Presenting Author
Christine Kowal, The Hospital for Sick Children
Non-Presenting Author
Jonathon L. Maguire, The Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital
Non-Presenting Author
Patricia C. Parkin, The Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Non-Presenting Author
Chamarrita Farkas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Non-Presenting Author
Benjamin Lira, Centro Iberoamericano de Neurociencia, Educación y Desarrollo Humano, Cerebrum, Perú
Non-Presenting Author
Felipe Lecannelier, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Non-Presenting Author
Xiaowei Li, Beijing Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Pei-Hong Lv, Zhejiang Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Fei Guo, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Non-Presenting Author
Rinat Armony-Sivan, Ashkelon Academic College
Non-Presenting Author
Betsy Lozoff, University of Michigan
Non-Presenting Author
Twila Tardif, University of Michigan
Non-Presenting Author
Ming Li, Peking University First Hospital
Non-Presenting Author
Xiaopei Xing, Capital Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Zhengyan Wang, Capital Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Chen Chen, Nanjing Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Jie He, Zhejiang University
Non-Presenting Author
Longfeng Li, Beijing Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Yinghe Chen, Beijing Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Liu Bai, Beijing Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Qinyi Lin, Beijing Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Chendong Ding, Nagoya University (Japan) and Northeast Normal University (China)
Non-Presenting Author
Guangzhen Zhang, Southeast University
Non-Presenting Author
Liang Zongbao, Southeast University (China)
Non-Presenting Author
Esteban Galvis, Universidad de los Andes
Non-Presenting Author
Elsa Escalante, University of Nebraska
Non-Presenting Author
Sonia Suarez, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Non-Presenting Author
Helen Raikes, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Non-Presenting Author
Sanja Smojver Ažić, University of Rijeka
Non-Presenting Author
Tamara Martinac Dorčić, University of Rijeka
Non-Presenting Author
Sara Hagenbeek, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Milon Potmesil, Palacky University Olomouc
Non-Presenting Author
Petra Potmesilova, Palacky University Olomouc
Non-Presenting Author
Zdeňka Bajgarová, University of South Bohemia
Non-Presenting Author
Iveta Blazkova, University of South Bohemia
Non-Presenting Author
Lea Takács, Charles University, Czech Republic
Non-Presenting Author
Petra Daňsová, Masaryk University
Non-Presenting Author
Zuzana Masopustová, Masaryk University
Non-Presenting Author
Marianne T. Krogh, Center for Early Intervention and Family Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen
Non-Presenting Author
Mette Vaever, Department of Psychology, Babylab, University of Copenhagen
Non-Presenting Author
Jukka M. Leppänen, University of Tampere
Non-Presenting Author
Mikko J. Peltola, Tampere University
Non-Presenting Author
Niina Junttila, University of Turku
Non-Presenting Author
Christina Salmivalli, University of Turku
Non-Presenting Author
Anneli Kylliäinen, University of Tampere
Non-Presenting Author
Elina Vierikko, University of Tampere
Non-Presenting Author
Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki
Non-Presenting Author
Kati Heinonen, University of Helsinki, Finland
Non-Presenting Author
Katri Raikkonen, University of Helsinki
Non-Presenting Author
Teija Kujala, University of Helsinki
Non-Presenting Author
Paula Virtala, University of Helsinki
Non-Presenting Author
Soile Tuovinen, University of Helsinki
Non-Presenting Author
Louise Goupil, PSL Research University
Non-Presenting Author
Gisa Aschersleben, Saarland University
Non-Presenting Author
Anne Henning, Saarland University
Non-Presenting Author
Daniela Mink, Saarland University
Non-Presenting Author
Nora Lessing, University of Hildesheim
Non-Presenting Author
Tamara Thomsen, University of Hildesheim
Non-Presenting Author
Corina Möller, Saarland University
Non-Presenting Author
Tobias Grossmann, University of Virginia and Max Planck Institute
Non-Presenting Author
Kathleen M Krol, University of Virginia
Non-Presenting Author
Franziska Vogel, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
Non-Presenting Author
Susanne Mudra, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
Non-Presenting Author
Petra Arck, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Non-Presenting Author
Anke Diemert, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Non-Presenting Author
Susanne Kristen-Antonow, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Non-Presenting Author
Beate Sodian, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Non-Presenting Author
Katerina Galatsopoulou, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Argonafton & Filellinon
Non-Presenting Author
Irini Dermitzaki, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Argonafton & Filellinon
Non-Presenting Author
Eleni Kallia, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Argonafton & Filellinon
Non-Presenting Author
Evaggelia Tsiara, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, Argonafton & Filellinon
Non-Presenting Author
Eleni Karagianni, University of Aegean
Non-Presenting Author
Felix Luke, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Non-Presenting Author
Piroska Sándor, Semmelweis University
Non-Presenting Author
Sára Szakadát, SOS Children's Villages
Non-Presenting Author
Judit Gervai, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Krisztina Lakatos, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Ildikó Tóth, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Ildiko Danis, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Noemi Scheuring, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Judit Csákvári, Eötvös Loránd University
Non-Presenting Author
Szilvia Cs. Ferenczi, Family-friendly Country Nonprofit Public Benefit Ltd
Non-Presenting Author
Fattaneh Esmaeili, Malayer University
Non-Presenting Author
Ali Nouri, Malayer University
Non-Presenting Author
Elizabeth Nixon, Trinity College (Ireland)
Non-Presenting Author
Jean Quigley, Trinity College (Ireland)
Non-Presenting Author
Rachel Bachner-Melman, Ruppin Academic Center and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
Manal Khoury, University of Haifa
Non-Presenting Author
Nurit Yirmiya, Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
Naama Atzaba-Poria, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Non-Presenting Author
Noga Shanan, Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University
Non-Presenting Author
Lena Kabha, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Non-Presenting Author
Andrea Berger, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience
Non-Presenting Author
Tali Farbiash, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Non-Presenting Author
Sveta Lisson, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Non-Presenting Author
Avi Assor, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israe
Non-Presenting Author
Maayan Davidov, he Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
Yael Paz, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
David Oppenheim, University of Haifa
Non-Presenting Author
Shira Yuval Adler, University of Haifa
Non-Presenting Author
Maayan Peled, Haifa University
Non-Presenting Author
Anat Scher, Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa
Non-Presenting Author
Dana Shai, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yaffo
Non-Presenting Author
Nurit Gur-Yaish, Oranim Academic College of Education
Non-Presenting Author
Neta Kassir-Erlich, he Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
Ariel Knafo-Noam, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
Lior Abramson, Hebrew university of Jerusalem
Non-Presenting Author
David Mankuta, Hadassah Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hebrew University Medical School
Non-Presenting Author
Alessandra Frigerio, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
Non-Presenting Author
Sarah Nazzari, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
Non-Presenting Author
Viola Macci Cassia, University of Milano-Bicocca
Non-Presenting Author
Stefania Conte, University of Milano-Bicocca
Non-Presenting Author
Emma Baumgartner, Sapienza University
Non-Presenting Author
Stefania Sette, Sapienza University
Non-Presenting Author
Chiara Ionio, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Non-Presenting Author
Sabrina Bonichini, University of Padua
Non-Presenting Author
Ughetta Moscardino, University of Padova
Non-Presenting Author
Elena Nava, University of Milano-Bicocca
Non-Presenting Author
Rosanna DiMaggio, University of Palermo
Non-Presenting Author
Ugo Pace, Kore University of Enna
Non-Presenting Author
Carla Zappulla, University of Palermo
Non-Presenting Author
Tiziana Aureli, University of Chieti-Pescara
Non-Presenting Author
Teresa Farroni, Università degli Studi di Padova
Non-Presenting Author
Guilia Orioli, Università degli Studi di Padova
Non-Presenting Author
Ermanno Quadrelli, University of Milano-Bicocca
Non-Presenting Author
Chiara Turati, University of Milano-Bicocca
Non-Presenting Author
Chiara Sacchi, University of Padova
Non-Presenting Author
Alessandra Simonelli, University of Padova
Non-Presenting Author
Barbara Barcaccia, Sapienza University of Rome
Non-Presenting Author
Antonia Lonigro, Sapienza University of Rome
Non-Presenting Author
Susanna Pallini, Università degli Studi Roma Tre
Non-Presenting Author
Giovanni Maria Vecchio, University of Roma Tre
Non-Presenting Author
Lorenzo Giusti, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Italy
Non-Presenting Author
Rosario Montirosso, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Italy
Non-Presenting Author
Emiko Kusanagi, Kokugakuin University Hokkaidou Junior College
Non-Presenting Author
Rie Mizuno, Chukyo University
Non-Presenting Author
Akiko Kawashima, University of Yamanashi
Non-Presenting Author
Jun Nakazawa, Chiba University Emeritus, Uekusa Junior College
Non-Presenting Author
Shoka Utsumi, Ochanomizu University
Non-Presenting Author
Tamiko Ogura, Osaka University of Comprehensive Children Education
Non-Presenting Author
Atsuko Nakagawa, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagoya City University
Non-Presenting Author
Masune Sukigara, Nagoya City University
Non-Presenting Author
Ji-Young Lim, Kyungpook National University
Non-Presenting Author
Curie Park, Yonsei Center for Psychological Health
Non-Presenting Author
Hyoun K. Kim, Oregon Social Learning Center
Non-Presenting Author
Jaehee Kim, Ewha Womans University
Non-Presenting Author
Yunhee Kim, Yonsei University
Non-Presenting Author
Ja Yeun Koo, Yonsei University
Non-Presenting Author
Nayoung Park, Kyungpook National University
Non-Presenting Author
Young-shin Park, Kyungpook National University
Non-Presenting Author
Yoo Jung Kim, Kyung Hee University
Non-Presenting Author
Joo Hyun Kim, Graduate School of Korea University
Non-Presenting Author
Keumjoo Kwak, Seoul National University
Non-Presenting Author
Diane L. Putnick, NICHD
Non-Presenting Author
Marc H. Bornstein, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development & Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK
Non-Presenting Author
Sae-Young Han, Ewha Womans University
Non-Presenting Author
Seong-Yeon Park, Ewha Womans University
Non-Presenting Author
Eun Gyoung Lee, Ewha Womans University
Non-Presenting Author
Fitim Uka, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Kosovo
Non-Presenting Author
Diāna Zande, University of Latvia
Non-Presenting Author
Ingrida Baranauskienė, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences
Non-Presenting Author
Dalia Nasvytienė, Vilnius University
Non-Presenting Author
Hio Wa Lam, University of Macau
Non-Presenting Author
Nurliyana Abdul Razak, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Non-Presenting Author
Zalilah Mohd Shariff, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Non-Presenting Author
Masadliahani Masduki, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Non-Presenting Author
Mary Fewtrell, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College
Non-Presenting Author
Nurul Husna M. Shukri, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Non-Presenting Author
Jonathan Wells, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College
Non-Presenting Author
Angela Abela, University of Malta
Non-Presenting Author
Phil Cowan, University of California, Berkeley
Non-Presenting Author
Carolyn Cowan, University of California, Berkeley
Non-Presenting Author
Ingrida M. Grech Lanfranco, University of Malta
Non-Presenting Author
Pedro Solís-Cámara, University of Guadalajara
Non-Presenting Author
Marily Daniela Amaro Hinojosa, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social IMSS, delegación Nuevo León
Non-Presenting Author
Yolanda Flores Peña, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Enfermería
Non-Presenting Author
María Diana Ruvalcaba Rodríguez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Enfermería
Non-Presenting Author
Thalia Harmony Baillet, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Non-Presenting Author
Yuria Cruz-Alaniz, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Non-Presenting Author
Vianey Méndez Vergara, National Autonomous University of Mexico
Non-Presenting Author
Blanca Huitrón, National Autonomous University of Mexico
Non-Presenting Author
Alberto Falcón, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos
Non-Presenting Author
Vania Aldrete-Cortez, Universidad Panamericana
Non-Presenting Author
Fernando Salinas-Quiroz, National Pedagogic University Mexico
Non-Presenting Author
Bolanle Adeyemi Ola, Lagos State University
Non-Presenting Author
Eva Potharst, UvA minds, academic outpatient (child and adolescent) treatment center of the University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Mirjana Majdandzic, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Susan Bögels, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Carolina de Weerth, Radboud University
Non-Presenting Author
Roseriet Beijers, Radboud University
Non-Presenting Author
Geertjan Overbeek, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Jolien van Aar, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Joyce Weeland, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
V. Stefania Vacaru, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Non-Presenting Author
Anneloes L. van Baar, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Marjolein Verhoeven, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Marjanneke de Jong, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Roos Hutteman, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Odilia M. Laceulle, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Julie F. H. Cassé, Clinical Child and Family Studies and Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Florentina C. Kunseler, Clinical Child and Family Studies and Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Mirjam Oosterman, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Carlo Schuengel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Marije L. Verhage, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Catharina A Hartman, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
Non-Presenting Author
Albertine J Oldehinkel, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
Non-Presenting Author
Kirsten L. Buist, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Maja Dekovic, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Judith Semon Dubas, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Meike Slagt, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Marcel van Aken, Utrecht University
Non-Presenting Author
Stef PJ Kremers, Maastricht University
Non-Presenting Author
Ester Sleddens, Maastricht University
Non-Presenting Author
Carel Thijs, Maastricht University
Non-Presenting Author
Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter, Queen Maud University College
Non-Presenting Author
Ane Naerde, Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development
Non-Presenting Author
Annette Henderson, University of Auckland
Non-Presenting Author
Linde-Marie Amersfoort, University of Canterbury
Non-Presenting Author
Myron Friesen, University of Canterbury
Non-Presenting Author
Aqsa Shakeel, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
Non-Presenting Author
Syeda Shamama-tus-Sabah, Dept. of Psychology,Govt. Post Graduate College for Women, Satellite Town Rawalpindi
Non-Presenting Author
Humaira Jami, Quaid-i-Azam University
Non-Presenting Author
Attiya Siraj, Quaid-i-Azam University
Non-Presenting Author
Patricia Barrig-Jo, Universidad de San Martin de Porres
Non-Presenting Author
Dianne Rose Tangonan, Philippine Normal University
Non-Presenting Author
Marta Białecka-Pikul, Jagiellonian University
Non-Presenting Author
Małgorzata Stępień-Nycz, Jagiellonian University
Non-Presenting Author
Wojciech L. Dragan, University of Warsaw
Non-Presenting Author
Maria Gartstein, Washington State University
Non-Presenting Author
Piotr Olaf Zylicz, Warsaw School of Social Psychology
Non-Presenting Author
Luisa Barros, Universidade de Lisboa
Non-Presenting Author
Ana Rita Goes, Universidade de Lisboa
Non-Presenting Author
Ana Isabel Gomes, Universidade de Lisboa
Non-Presenting Author
Miguel Barbosa, Universidade de Lisboa
Non-Presenting Author
Ana Tomás de Almeida, Instituto de Educação, University of Minho
Non-Presenting Author
Silvana Martins, Instituto de Educação, University of Minho
Non-Presenting Author
Ligia Monteiro, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa; CIS-IUL
Non-Presenting Author
Joana Cadima, University of Porto
Non-Presenting Author
Tiago Ferreira, Universidade do Porto
Non-Presenting Author
Paula Mena Matos, Universidade do Porto
Non-Presenting Author
Diana Alves, University of Porto
Non-Presenting Author
Catarina Canario, Faculty of Psychology and Education Science - University of Porto
Non-Presenting Author
Orlanda Cruz, University of Porto
Non-Presenting Author
Irene Cadime, Universidade do Minho
Non-Presenting Author
Paulo Dias, Catholic University of Portugal
Non-Presenting Author
Delia Birle, University of Oradea
Non-Presenting Author
Oana Panescu, Spiru Haret University
Non-Presenting Author
Corina Zaharia, Spiru Haret University
Non-Presenting Author
Patricia Ganea, University of Toronto
Non-Presenting Author
Teodora Gliga, Birkbeck University
Non-Presenting Author
Florin Tibu, Institute of Child Development
Non-Presenting Author
Oana Benga, Babes Bolyai University
Non-Presenting Author
Helena Slobodskaya, Novosibirsk State University
Non-Presenting Author
Elena Kozlova, Novosibirsk State University
Non-Presenting Author
Dušana Šakan, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Novi Sad Serbia
Non-Presenting Author
Milica Stanković, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Novi Sad Serbia
Non-Presenting Author
Ryan Y. Hong, National University of Singapore
Non-Presenting Author
Silvia Majercakova Albertova, Pan-European University
Non-Presenting Author
Branka Čagran, University of Maribor
Non-Presenting Author
Jernej Kovač, University of Maribor
Non-Presenting Author
Staša Stropnik, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana University Medical Centre
Non-Presenting Author
Natalia Alonso-Alberca, University of the Basque Country
Non-Presenting Author
Ana I. Vergara, University of the Basque Country
Non-Presenting Author
Alba Ayneto, Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Non-Presenting Author
Anik Zubizarreta, University of Deusto
Non-Presenting Author
Charo Rueda, Universidad de Granada
Non-Presenting Author
Paloma González-Peña, UNED, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Non-Presenting Author
Francisco-Pablo Holgado-Tello, UNED, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Non-Presenting Author
Miguel Angel Carrasco Ortiz, UNED, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Non-Presenting Author
Anna Valenzuela Palafoll, Barcelona University
Non-Presenting Author
Nuria de la Osa, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
Non-Presenting Author
Eider Pascual-Sagastizabal, University of the Basque Country
Non-Presenting Author
Ana Maria D'Ocon, University of Valencia
Non-Presenting Author
Carmen Gonzalez-Salinas, University of Murcia
Non-Presenting Author
Susanne van der Poel, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Imre van Liempt, University of Amsterdam
Non-Presenting Author
Alkistis Skalkidou, Uppsala University
Non-Presenting Author
Terje Falck-Ytter, Uppsala University
Non-Presenting Author
Ana Sancho Rossignol, Service de Psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'Adolescent
Non-Presenting Author
Regula Neuenschwander, University of Bern
Non-Presenting Author
Claudia Roebers, Bern University
Non-Presenting Author
Naomi Langerock, Université de Genève
Non-Presenting Author
Fleur Lejeune, Université de Genève
Non-Presenting Author
Christina Passini, University of Geneva
Non-Presenting Author
Nicolas Favez, University of Geneva
Non-Presenting Author
Sandrine Pihet, University of Geneva
Non-Presenting Author
Keng-Ling Lay, National Taiwan University
Non-Presenting Author
Mei-Juan Kung, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health
Non-Presenting Author
Kung-Yu Hsu, National Chung-Cheng University
Non-Presenting Author
Miao-Hui Lin, National University of Tainan
Non-Presenting Author
Yunn-Ru Chen, Chung Yuan Christian University
Non-Presenting Author
Wei-Chun Chiang, Fu Jen Catholic University
Non-Presenting Author
Su-Ying Huang, Fu Jen Catholic University
Non-Presenting Author
Hsin-Man Chien, Fu Jen Catholic University
Non-Presenting Author
Yi-Chieh Chen, National Taiwan University
Non-Presenting Author
Pei-Ling Wang, University of Taipei
Non-Presenting Author
Ishien Li, Department of Child Care and Education, Hungkuang University
Non-Presenting Author
Nuanchan Chutabhakdikul, Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom
Non-Presenting Author
Laisen Bangpan, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University
Non-Presenting Author
Pat Rojmahamongkol, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University
Non-Presenting Author
Burcu Akin Sari, Başkent University Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department
Non-Presenting Author
Sibel Yoleri Sibel Yoleri , Uşak University, Education Faculty
Non-Presenting Author
Dilara Demirpence, Şanlıurfa Research and Training Hospital
Non-Presenting Author
Ayse Aydin Uysal, Kocaeli University
Non-Presenting Author
Hulya Gulay Ogelman, Pamukkale University
Non-Presenting Author
Selin Salman-Engin, Bilkent University
Non-Presenting Author
Müyesser Fazlıoğlu, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi
Non-Presenting Author
Özden Yalçınkaya-Alkar, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi
Non-Presenting Author
Sukran Ucus, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University
Non-Presenting Author
Ibrahim H Acar, Ozyegin University
Non-Presenting Author
Elif N. Özmert, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Non-Presenting Author
Emine Ahmetoglu, Trakya University
Non-Presenting Author
Holly Rayson, University of Reading
Non-Presenting Author
Jacqueline Blissett, Aston University
Non-Presenting Author
Samantha L. Rogers, University of Hertfordshire
Non-Presenting Author
Carina C.J.M. de Klerk, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London
Non-Presenting Author
Debra Spencer, University of Cambridge
Non-Presenting Author
Elena Hoicka, University of Bristol
Non-Presenting Author
Stephanie Powell, University of Sheffield
Non-Presenting Author
Marina Fountoglou, University of Glasgow
Non-Presenting Author
Gemma Reynolds, Middlesex University
Non-Presenting Author
Ken Ong, University of Cambridge
Non-Presenting Author
Michael Lamb, University of Cambridge
Non-Presenting Author
Pei-Jung (Annie) Yang, National Chengchi University Taiwan
Non-Presenting Author
Yulia Dyagileva, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Non-Presenting Author
Sergei Makhin, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Non-Presenting Author
Anna Mikhailova, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Non-Presenting Author
Liliia Orekhova, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Non-Presenting Author
Vladmir Pavlenko, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Non-Presenting Author
Daniel Olazabal, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República Uruguay
Non-Presenting Author