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China regards technological innovation as a strategic support for improving social productivity and overall national strength, and is the core of the overall development of the country. Therefore, we must fully stimulate the creativity of all kinds of talents, and form a virtuous cycle in which knowledge creates value and value creators receive reasonable returns. In order to more objectively investigate the situation and existing problems of science and technology workers, better represent and safeguard the overall interests of science and technology workers, and provide reference for formulating relevant science and technology development policies, NAIS carried out a nationwide survey in 2017. The target is Chinese S&T workers. Using systematic sampling method, the samples were randomly picked up from 71 scientific research institutes, 73 colleges and universities, 102 enterprises, 58 medical and health institutions, 49 high schools, 34 high-tech zones, 10 national associations, and 107 grass-root S&T associations. 48099 valid questionnaires were obtained. This paper used SPSS to process and analyze data. This paper found that, China has some outstanding problems in the areas of innovation and entrepreneurship, scientific and technological activities, career development, and rights and interests. Science and technology workers of China are looking forward to cultivating an environment for innovation and entrepreneurship, improving the scientific evaluation mechanism, optimizing the environment for growth and development, building a long-term mechanism for building scientific ethics and learning style, strengthening the national self-confidence of young scientists and technicians, creating a fair career development space, and building a dynamic research management mechanism.