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This paper utilizes International Civics and Citizenship Education (ICCS) 2009 data to explore the relationship between immigration, citizenship, and social cohesion using a multi-level modeling approach. This paper extends from two previous studies that explored violence, immigration, and academic achievement. Our previous results signaled the importance of providing vulnerable immigrant populations with a safe place to learn, pointing to the need for local policies of social cohesion. Against these results and recent policy shifts in Europe around national citizenship and immigration, this paper takes a regional focus to better understand the relationship between policies and practices of social cohesion and immigrant students in 24 European countries.
Laura Christine Engel, The George Washington University
Leslie Rutkowski, Indiana University
David Joseph Rutkowski, Indiana University