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Over the past few decades, researchers demonstrated that peers are viewed as powerful
socialization agents for the development of children’s achievement motivation (Kindermann,
2007; Ladd et al., 2009; Ryan, 2001). However, children’s interactions in schools have changed
drastically in many countries with the pandemic. National and local quarantines and school
closures have severely limited children’s daily face-to-face interaction with their peers (Cameron
& Tenenbaum, 2021). Also, Duckworth et al. (2021) found that high school students who
attended remote education have lower social, emotional, and academic well-being than those
who attended in-person. Therefore, this study examines the remote interactions of middle school
students and their influences on their motivation (expectancies for success and intrinsic value).