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There has been a lack of adequate tests of anomie theory with the appropriate theoretical variables (e.g., mode of adaptation is rarely included). This study will fill that gap. Also, this study uses an adult sample and most tests of anomie theory have used juvenile samples. This will allow for comparison between results for adults and previously published results juveniles. This study will test how well does Merton's anomie theory, particularly modes of adaptation, along with Cloward's extension of Merton's theory, explain minor offending, index offending, marijuana use, and hard drug use among adults. Data will come from waves 1-11 of the National Youth Survey Family Study (NYSFS). Variables will include theoretically relevant variables (occupational status; educational attainment; last GPA; perceived college chances; perceived employment chances; anomia scale; modes of adaptation; delinquent peer group bonding; social disorganization) along with controls for gender and race/ethnicity. Analysis will involve primarily linear regression and logistic regression, plus examination of age trends in the outcomes and predictors.