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Under the influence of the dual structure of social economy, the imbalance of urban and rural education resources is becoming more and more serious, and the weakness of rural compulsory education is gradually obvious. Rural students are in an obvious vulnerable position in the competition of high school entrance examination. The enrollment rate of high quality high school is generally low, but the enrollment rate is still an important evaluation index of the quality of rural compulsory education. How does the current education evaluation system affect the quality of rural compulsory Education? This study attempts to investigate and analyze the case of Z County in central China to reveal the current situation of the evaluation mechanism and education quality of rural compulsory education in China. Z County is a typical mountainous and agricultural county, with a high rate of left-behind children in rural areas. Most of the students have poor academic performance, lack learning objectives or interest and confidence in learning, and fail to develop their key abilities and characters to adapt to future social life. The satisfaction of rural families to the learning atmosphere and teaching in rural schools shows a downward trend. The quality evaluation mechanism of rural compulsory education in counties is not perfect, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the weight of educational and teaching performance in the evaluation of rural teachers is weakened, and the rural teachers are lack of supervision and incentive mechanism to fulfill their educational and teaching responsibilities; The enrollment rate is still an important basis for the evaluation of rural schools; There is a serious lack of evaluation system for local governments to carry out education responsibilities, and there is a lack of monitoring of the learning status of rural students and the academic performance gap between urban and rural students. In view of the systematic dilemma faced by the quality evaluation of rural compulsory education in Z County, this study proposes to promote the equitable and integrated development of urban and rural education, improve the evaluation mechanism of government's responsibility for education, and the evaluation system should focus on guiding teachers to concentrate on educating people and promoting students' all-round development.